Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Joseph Toynbee was a British historian and educator best known for his 12-volume "A Study of History" (1934-1961).

He attended Oxford University and worked for the Foreign Office during both World Wars.

Toynbee served as a professor at King's College London and later as research professor at the Royal Institute of International Affairs.

He published numerous works on history, international affairs, and religion.

His magnum opus examined the cyclical patterns of civilizations' growth and decline.

Toynbee's work, while influential, has been criticized for its Eurocentric perspective and broad generalizations.